1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
![A shaded, disturbed environment](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648927460365-5RRXV9HKA8IB0688G72I/321BE325-6427-45E7-9277-0009D0B29128.jpeg)
![Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta) colonizing disturbed ground](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648418568902-SUHN01ERCTBJMWTCIBS1/IMG_8912.jpeg)
![Hornworts with developing “horns” (sporophytes full of spores)](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648791213114-02RQLX8IQCUW20RCO3LZ/IMG_9440.jpeg)
![Hornworts continuing to spread](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648418564559-MD44T27XBSETVEV34M3Q/IMG_8914.jpeg)
![Hornwort sporophyte tips beginning to dry out and split open, releasing spores](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648791212401-3SMD3SRPK1Y2MXQOIRH2/IMG_9458.jpeg)
![Hornwort spores coming out of diploid sporophyte at 100x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1649020472904-512209KIMI16ATP506TG/IMG_9671.jpeg)
![Developing spores going through meiosis at 400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648702094513-5AIBYYB6A1UA2OB5DWK2/IMG_9308.jpeg)
![Hornwort tetrads that each have four haploid spores at 100x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648686396006-UEPTK0PM8TGTDQDYMJAH/IMG_9313.jpeg)
![Hornwort tetrads with three visible spores at 400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648686405270-PTAIXWG3KO4V16E48S73/IMG_9323.jpeg)
![Spores with pseudo-elaters at 100x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1649020474096-SB15ZSZ5IFNMCOGQA50V/IMG_9674.jpeg)
![Hornwort spores at 400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648686396859-DI0HOK1HGN4ZUMJC412I/IMG_9387.jpeg)
![Close up of newly formed haploid thallus showing large, single chloroplasts in each cell at 400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648418573826-LL66J6CZ15N7ZUE8D8K2/IMG_9018.jpeg)
![Bluish green cyanobacteria that live in thallus cavities symbiotically at 400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648686404199-CK49G2HNHAT21UZHSSSM/IMG_9118.jpeg)
![Growing thallus with rhizoids 40x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648699641744-ZETFWP4UBHNNHA1DSO67/IMG_9419.jpeg)
![Mature hermaphroditic thallus with cavities that contain sex structures at 40x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648870520655-KZLRWJZ05RV8W8U9OSP9/IMG_9533.jpeg)
![Hornwort thallus indentations that contain the male sex structures (antheridia) at 40x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648870517312-U8PVX9NBZIQFVIN3TCWW/IMG_9510.jpeg)
![Internal cavities containing yellow/brown antheridia at 100x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648870518529-0F7JNCJALSCU0GLI5MAZ/IMG_9513.jpeg)
![Antheridia at 400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648870519621-9F0I0VONKFSXGDQQ7KDF/IMG_9521.jpeg)
![Hornwort antheridia that contain swimming gametes (sperm) at 100x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648686401107-1A7XY6EHFYRBRSC7L36M/IMG_9349.jpeg)
![Antheridia at 400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648686401991-ZCWWFPP9217LJPNCDZ39/IMG_9337.jpeg)
![Antheridia releasing swimming gametes (sperm) at 400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648686400021-FRF8FD3T9RVH2AOTNXKZ/IMG_9365.jpeg)
![Hornwort antheridium releasing swimming gametes](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648694774502-M616097LXGX2QWNW5NR2/image-asset.jpeg)
![Thallus indentations that contain the female sex structures (archegonia) and egg cells at 40x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648686398276-QAQ4BI9WCQLT2GGLYNOM/IMG_9265.jpeg)
![Newly fertilized embryo giving rise to a sporophyte at 100x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648418570897-PPS2XJKNFALC8GE9QLSZ/IMG_9024.jpeg)
![Developing sporophyte with collar at 20x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648709390222-RGSMOF2J9RM9KF1IKNUE/IMG_7293.jpeg)
![Further developing sporophytes](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648418569840-5A9JEQ5JGQU1CISRC2FS/DSC_4478_Original.jpeg)
![Sporophyte tips about to release spores at 20x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648791216379-88U987XKJCN55GPVWVPW/IMG_9471.jpeg)
![Hornwort sporophyte stomata at 100x/400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648695156816-TFJI7L0YNMOPXRYFWYX3/6C2E8573-AA6C-4B94-ABDC-A815841663BC.jpeg)
![Pseudo-elaters (with mature yellow spores) that help spore dispersal at 400x](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1649020820485-SA51C576GRIDW3I4TKPC/IMG_9667.jpeg)
![The life cycle begins again](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648418728361-MC5PPZ3J4UBB1ZCLSSRE/DSC_4507_Original.jpeg)
![IMG_9034.jpeg](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648418566195-0O1SS6TOZN54ZCTVBYAV/IMG_9034.jpeg)
![DSC_4464_Original.jpeg](https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/57b4355cbe65942bdfc8d605/1648418574786-T1D37LSIADXN5VABBPZF/DSC_4464_Original.jpeg)